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|
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| <div class="text"> | | <div class="text"> |
| 8 million tons of plastic waste are disposed in the ocean annually (3). With plastic being a common and non-degradable commodity, its linear life cycle is not sustainable for its use. Therefore, we were inspired by the possibility of synthetic biology to create a circular plastic economy by repurposing plastic waste as a resource for other uses. | | 8 million tons of plastic waste are disposed in the ocean annually (3). With plastic being a common and non-degradable commodity, its linear life cycle is not sustainable for its use. Therefore, we were inspired by the possibility of synthetic biology to create a circular plastic economy by repurposing plastic waste as a resource for other uses. |
− | <br><br>
| + | <br><br> |
− | <img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2020/1/10/T--UCL--Poster_motivation_plastic_economy.png" style = "width: 60%;">
| + | <img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2020/1/10/T--UCL--Poster_motivation_plastic_economy.png" style = "width: 60%;"> |
| </div> | | </div> |
| </div> | | </div> |
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| <img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2020/6/6c/T--UCL--Poster_idea_MDC.png" style = "width: 70%;"> | | <img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2020/6/6c/T--UCL--Poster_idea_MDC.png" style = "width: 70%;"> |
| <br>Figure 1. Schematic of a three-chambered Microbial Desalination cell | | <br>Figure 1. Schematic of a three-chambered Microbial Desalination cell |
− |
| + | |
| </div> | | </div> |
| </div> | | </div> |
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| <div class="row"> | | <div class="row"> |
| <div class="section half" id="research"> | | <div class="section half" id="research"> |
− | <img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2020/0/05/T--UCL--Poster_research_questions.png"> | + | <img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2020/7/75/T--UCL--Poster_research_questions_final.png"> |
| | | |
| <div class="info"> | | <div class="info"> |
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| <br> | | <br> |
| <img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2020/2/2c/T--UCL--Poster_PET_co-culture.png"> | | <img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2020/2/2c/T--UCL--Poster_PET_co-culture.png"> |
− | <p>Figure 2. Overview of the mechanism of the co-culture of <i>E. coli</i>, <i>P. putida</i> and <i>S. oneidensis</i> designed to investigate the research questions above. <i>E. coli</i> feeds on PET by secreting the PETase-MHETase fusion to the extracellular environment generating Ethylene glycol (EG) and TPA. Ethylene glycol is used to feed <i>E. coli</i>, while TPA feeds P. putida in order to maximise secretion of Lactate. The lactate generated can then feed S. oneidensis, which grows as a biofilm on the anode surface and generates a current output.</p>
| + | <p>Figure 2. Overview of the mechanism of the co-culture of <i>E. coli</i>, <i>P. putida</i> and <i>S. oneidensis</i> designed to investigate the research questions above. <i>E. coli</i> feeds on PET by secreting the PETase-MHETase fusion to the extracellular environment generating Ethylene glycol (EG) and TPA. Ethylene glycol is used to feed <i>E. coli</i>, while TPA feeds P. putida in order to maximise secretion of Lactate. The lactate generated can then feed S. oneidensis, which grows as a biofilm on the anode surface and generates a current output.</p> |
| </div> | | </div> |
| | | |
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| | | |
| <div class="section half" id="construct"> | | <div class="section half" id="construct"> |
− | <img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2020/8/8b/T--UCL--Poster_construct_design_section.png"> | + | <img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2020/0/01/T--UCL--Poster_construct_design_final.png"> |
| | | |
| <div class="info"> | | <div class="info"> |
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| <br><br> | | <br><br> |
| <img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2020/3/39/T--UCL--Poster_constructs.png"> | | <img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2020/3/39/T--UCL--Poster_constructs.png"> |
− | <p style= "text-align:center;">Figure 4. The 4 constructs of PETase and MHETase in Biobrick standard.</p>
| + | <p style= "text-align:center;">Figure 4. The 4 constructs of PETase and MHETase in Biobrick standard.</p> |
| + | <br><br> |
| + | In <i>P. putida</i>, we designed a construct to express the TPA transporter and catabolic operon from <i>C. testosteroni</i> to degrade TPA into PCA which is metabolized into lactate in pathways native to <i>P. putida</i>. |
| + | <br><img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2020/6/67/T--UCL--Poster_TPA_degradation_constructs.png"><br> |
| + | <p style= "text-align:center;">Figure 5. Construct of TPA transporter and catabolic operon designed to degrade TPA into PCA in <i>P. putida</i></p> |
| + | |
| </div> | | </div> |
| | | |
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| <!--Row 4: Co-culture and current output & desalination--> | | <!--Row 4: Co-culture and current output & desalination--> |
| <div class="row"> | | <div class="row"> |
− | <div class="section" style="width:37.5%;" id="co-culture"> | + | <div class="section" style="width:41.4%;" id="co-culture"> |
− | <img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2020/9/9a/T--UCL--Poster_co-culture_section.png"> | + | <img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2020/3/3b/T--UCL--Poster_co-culture_design_final.png"> |
| <div class="info"> | | <div class="info"> |
| <div class="title">Optimising Co-culture Design</div> | | <div class="title">Optimising Co-culture Design</div> |
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| <li>Optimise TPA production by <i>E. coli</i> and lactate secretion by <i>P. putida</i></li> | | <li>Optimise TPA production by <i>E. coli</i> and lactate secretion by <i>P. putida</i></li> |
| </ol> | | </ol> |
| + | <br> |
| + | <img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2020/c/cc/T--UCL--Poster_E.coli_FBA_result.jpg"> |
| + | <p>Figure. 6 <i>E. coli</i> biomass growth simulation on varying PET and oxygen uptake rates.</p> |
| | | |
| <img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2020/3/36/T--UCL--Poster_FBA_results_1.png" style="width: 80%;"> | | <img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2020/3/36/T--UCL--Poster_FBA_results_1.png" style="width: 80%;"> |
| <img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2020/f/f9/T--UCL--Poster_FBA_results_2.png" style="width: 80%;"> | | <img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2020/f/f9/T--UCL--Poster_FBA_results_2.png" style="width: 80%;"> |
− | <p>Figure. 5 1. <i>P. putida</i> biomass growth simulation on varying TPA and oxygen uptake rates. 2. <i>P. putida</i> lactate secretion simulation on varying TPA uptake rate and biomass growth rate.</p> | + | <p>Figure 7. 1. <i>P. putida</i> biomass growth simulation on varying TPA and oxygen uptake rates. 2. <i>P. putida</i> lactate secretion simulation on varying TPA uptake rate and biomass growth rate.</p> |
| | | |
| The results show that <i>E. coli</i> and <i>P. putida</i> can only grow and produce sufficient lactate to support the growth of <i>S. oneidensis</i> in aerobic conditions. In aerobic conditions, the maximum lactate secretion rate reached by <i>P. Putida</i> is 8.2132 mmol/gDCW/h at a growth rate of 0.2 h-1. | | The results show that <i>E. coli</i> and <i>P. putida</i> can only grow and produce sufficient lactate to support the growth of <i>S. oneidensis</i> in aerobic conditions. In aerobic conditions, the maximum lactate secretion rate reached by <i>P. Putida</i> is 8.2132 mmol/gDCW/h at a growth rate of 0.2 h-1. |
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| </div> | | </div> |
| | | |
− | <div class="section" style="width:61.5%;" id="desalination"> | + | <div class="section" style="width:57.6%;" id="desalination"> |
− | <img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2020/2/2a/T--UCL--Poster_current_output_section.png"> | + | <img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2020/b/bd/T--UCL--Poster_current_output_final.png"> |
| <div class="info"> | | <div class="info"> |
| <div class="title">Current Output and Desalination </div> | | <div class="title">Current Output and Desalination </div> |
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| <img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2020/8/8c/T--UCL--Poster_CA_biofilm_results.png"> | | <img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2020/8/8c/T--UCL--Poster_CA_biofilm_results.png"> |
| <img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2020/3/3b/T--UCL--Poster_CA_current_density_results.png"> | | <img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2020/3/3b/T--UCL--Poster_CA_current_density_results.png"> |
− | <p>Figure 6 1. Agent type over one a week, with time in a hours, showing active cells in blue, quiescent cells in orange, and dead cells in green. Each agent behaves as 125 cells. 2. Total current density generated by biofilm over one week</p> | + | <p>Figure 8. 1. Agent type over one a week, with time in a hours, showing active cells in blue, quiescent cells in orange, and dead cells in green. Each agent behaves as 125 cells. 2. Total current density generated by biofilm over one week</p> |
| | | |
| We observed a peak in the current density after about 48 hours at 1.2 A/m2. A steady state current density of approximately 0.0397 A/m2 was achieved lasting for over 9 days generating an average desalination rate of 0.623 L/m2/h. | | We observed a peak in the current density after about 48 hours at 1.2 A/m2. A steady state current density of approximately 0.0397 A/m2 was achieved lasting for over 9 days generating an average desalination rate of 0.623 L/m2/h. |
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| </div> | | </div> |
| | | |
− | <!--Row 5: Market Research and implementation--> | + | <!--Row 5: Human Practices, Market Research and implementation--> |
| <div class="row"> | | <div class="row"> |
− | <div class="section half" id="market"> | + | <div class="section third" id="hp"> |
− | <img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2020/c/c8/T--UCL--Poster_market_research_section.png"> | + | <img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2020/c/c8/T--UCL--Poster_Human_Practices_final.png"> |
| + | <div class="info"> |
| + | <div class="title">Human Practices</div> |
| + | <div class="text"> |
| + | In collaboration with Team Ashesi, we distributed a survey to gather opinions on plastic pollution and attitudes towards genetic engineering solutions in Ghana. |
| + | <br> |
| + | <img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2020/6/60/T--UCL--Poster_HP_resuts_survey_1.png"> |
| + | 1 indicates extremely negative while 5 indicates extremely positive |
| + | <br> |
| + | <img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2020/5/56/T--UCL--Poster_HP_resuts_survey_2.jpg"> |
| + | Figure 9. Survey results on the use of GMOs for plastic treatment and freshwater scarcity in Ghana. A total of 99 responses were collected. |
| + | <br><br> |
| + | The survey showed that ~60% of the participants expressed a positive attitude to the use of GMOs to tackle plastic pollution and more than 50% are willing to purchase crops irrigated by our desalinated water. |
| + | |
| + | About 86% of the participants also answered that they would like further information about the safety of GMOs to feel more comfortable about consuming crops treated by the MDC technology. Therefore, we created a brochure with Ashesi to educate the end-users about synthetic biology and how they would benefit from our project. |
| + | </div> |
| + | </div> |
| + | </div> |
| + | |
| + | <div class="section third" id="market"> |
| + | <img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2020/7/7b/T--UCL--Poster_market_research_final.png"> |
| <div class="info"> | | <div class="info"> |
| <div class="title">Market Research</div> | | <div class="title">Market Research</div> |
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| <ul> | | <ul> |
| <li>Ghana: We collaborated with the Ashesi iGEM team to gather public opinion on plastic pollution and attitudes towards synthetic biology solutions in Ghana.</li> | | <li>Ghana: We collaborated with the Ashesi iGEM team to gather public opinion on plastic pollution and attitudes towards synthetic biology solutions in Ghana.</li> |
− | <li>Nigeria: We consulted <a href="http://www.recyclepoints.com/">RecyclePoints</a>, an NGO recycling organisation in Nigeria, to gather more information on plastic pollution in Nigeria.</li> | + | <li>Nigeria: We consulted RecyclePoints, an NGO recycling organisation in Nigeria, to gather more information on plastic pollution in Nigeria.</li> |
| </ul> | | </ul> |
| <br> | | <br> |
| Test Market: | | Test Market: |
| <ul> | | <ul> |
− | <li>Southern California: We communicated with the University of California San Diego, (UCSD) and <a href="https://algalita.org/">Algalita</a>, an NGO focused on plastic pollution in Southern California</li> | + | <li>Southern California: We communicated with the University of California San Diego, (UCSD) and Algalita, an NGO focused on plastic pollution in Southern California</li> |
| </ul> | | </ul> |
| | | |
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| </div> | | </div> |
| | | |
− | <div class="section half" id="implementation"> | + | <div class="section third" id="implementation"> |
− | <img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2020/b/b2/T--UCL--Poster_implementation_section.png"> | + | <img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2020/2/23/T--UCL--Poster_implementation_section_final.png"> |
| <div class="info"> | | <div class="info"> |
| <div class="title">Implementation</div> | | <div class="title">Implementation</div> |
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| <br><br> | | <br><br> |
| <img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2020/1/1f/T--UCL--Poster_flowsheet_new.png"> | | <img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2020/1/1f/T--UCL--Poster_flowsheet_new.png"> |
| + | <p>Figure 10. Flowsheet showing proposed implementation strategy in a desalination process</p> |
| </div> | | </div> |
| </div> | | </div> |
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| </div> | | </div> |
| | | |
− | <!--Row 6: Human Practices and Science Communication--> | + | <!--Row 6: Education, Achievements and References--> |
| <div class="row"> | | <div class="row"> |
− | <div class="section" style="width: 39.5%;" id="hp"> | + | <div class="section half" id="education"> |
− | <img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2020/e/e2/T--UCL--Poster_Human_Practices_section.png"> | + | <img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2020/f/f9/T--UCL--Poster_education_section_final.png"> |
| <div class="info"> | | <div class="info"> |
− | <div class="title">Human Practices</div> | + | <div class="title">Education and Science Communication</div> |
| <div class="text"> | | <div class="text"> |
− | In collaboration with Team Ashesi, we distributed a survey to gather opinions on plastic pollution and attitudes towards genetic engineering solutions in Ghana. Generally, from the results of the surveys and interviews that have been done, most end-users (>90%) considered plastic pollution and water scarcity as severe in their regions and more than 60% of them are willing to have our project launched as a novel solution.
| + | <img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2020/5/53/T--UCL--Poster_sci_comm_overview.jpeg"> |
− | <br>
| + | |
− | <img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2020/6/60/T--UCL--Poster_HP_resuts_survey_1.png">
| + | |
− | 1 indicates extremely negative while 5 indicates extremely positive
| + | |
− | <br>
| + | |
− | <img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2020/5/56/T--UCL--Poster_HP_resuts_survey_2.jpg"> | + | |
− | Figure 7. Survey results on the use of GMOs for plastic treatment and freshwater scarcity in Ghana. A total of 99 responses were collected.
| + | |
− | <br><br>
| + | |
− | The survey showed that ~60% of the participants expressed a positive attitude to the use of GMOs to tackle plastic pollution and more than 50% are willing to purchase crops irrigated by our desalinated water.
| + | |
| | | |
− | About 86% of the participants also answered that they would like further information about the safety of GMOs to feel more comfortable about consuming crops treated by the MDC technology. Therefore, we created a brochure with Ashesi to educate the end-users about synthetic biology and how they would benefit from our project.
| |
− | </div>
| |
− | </div>
| |
− | </div>
| |
− |
| |
− | <div class="section" style="width: 59.5%;" id="education">
| |
− | <img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2020/d/d9/T--UCL--Poster_education_section.png">
| |
− | <div class="info">
| |
− | <div class="title">Science Communication</div>
| |
− | <div class="text">
| |
− | <img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2020/5/53/T--UCL--Poster_sci_comm_overview.jpeg">
| |
− |
| |
| As our human practices demonstrated, public perception of new biotechnology is improved with improved education and outreach. Water our MDC produces will be used initially for irrigation, and we felt strongly as a team the importance of improving science communication. | | As our human practices demonstrated, public perception of new biotechnology is improved with improved education and outreach. Water our MDC produces will be used initially for irrigation, and we felt strongly as a team the importance of improving science communication. |
| Therefore, we achieved the following: | | Therefore, we achieved the following: |
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| <li>Used written communication to convey synthetic biology to the public and the wider iGEM community.</li> | | <li>Used written communication to convey synthetic biology to the public and the wider iGEM community.</li> |
| </ul> | | </ul> |
− | <br>
| + | <br> |
| | | |
| <img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2020/a/aa/T--UCL--Poster_ucl_academy_pic.jpeg" style = "width: 50%; float: left"> | | <img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2020/a/aa/T--UCL--Poster_ucl_academy_pic.jpeg" style = "width: 50%; float: left"> |
| <img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2020/b/bd/T--UCL--Poster_MisSTEM.png" style = "width: 30%; float: left"><br> | | <img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2020/b/bd/T--UCL--Poster_MisSTEM.png" style = "width: 30%; float: left"><br> |
| <img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2020/9/9a/T--UCL--Poster_education_poll.jpeg"> | | <img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2020/9/9a/T--UCL--Poster_education_poll.jpeg"> |
− | <p>Figure 8. Top left: Webinar presentation at UCL academy guest lecture. Top right: MisSTEM, the main character of the ficitional magazine story we published. Bottom: Our audience’s view on the effectiveness of our project after project was explained. Data from three webinars; pie charts made in PowerPoint. Young generation overall open to the implementation of this project and positive about its usefulness.</p>
| + | <p>Figure 11. Top left: Webinar presentation at UCL academy guest lecture. Top right: MisSTEM, the main character of the ficitional magazine story we published. Bottom: Our audience’s view on the effectiveness of our project after project was explained. Data from three webinars; pie charts made in PowerPoint. Young generation overall open to the implementation of this project and positive about its usefulness.</p> |
| | | |
| </div> | | </div> |
| </div> | | </div> |
| </div> | | </div> |
− | </div>
| |
| | | |
− | <!--Row 7: Acheivements and References-->
| + | <div class="section quarter" id="achievements"> |
− | <div class="row">
| + | <img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2020/7/7a/T--UCL--Poster_achievements_final.png"> |
− | <div class="section half" id="references"> | + | |
− | <img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2020/4/4a/T--UCL--Poster_references_and_acknowledgements.png">
| + | |
− | <div class="info">
| + | |
− | <div class="title">References and Acknowledgements</div>
| + | |
− | <div class="text">
| + | |
− | <b>Acknowledgements</b><br>
| + | |
− | <b>Sponsors</b>
| + | |
− | <br>UCL Biochemical Engineering
| + | |
− | <img src="">
| + | |
− | <br>UCL Engineering
| + | |
− | <img src="">
| + | |
− | <br>GenScript
| + | |
− | <img src="">
| + | |
− | <br><br>
| + | |
− | | + | |
− | <b>Team members</b><br>
| + | |
− | Olaide Ibiyemi, Juliette Champaud, Stefan Hristov, Pedro Lovatt Garcia, Daniel Castellano, Anna Su, Li Xu and Oliver Hernandez Fernandez
| + | |
− | <br><br>
| + | |
− | <b>Supervisors and Instructors</b><br>
| + | |
− | Dr Stefanie Frank, Dr Kenth Gustafsson, Dr Chris Barnes, Dr Darren Nesbeth, Dr Rana Khalife, Alexander Van de Steen (Postgraduate Research student), Rory Gordon (Masters Research Student) and Neythen Treolar (Postgraduate Research Student).
| + | |
− | <br><br>
| + | |
− | Thanks to everyone that shared their expertise and supported us throughout the project.
| + | |
− | <br><br>
| + | |
− | <b>References</b>
| + | |
− | <ol>
| + | |
− | <li>Center for International Environmental Law. Plastic & Climate | The Hidden Costs of a Plastic Planet [Internet]. 2019 [cited 2020 Oct 25]. Available from: https://www.ciel.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/Plastic-and-Climate-Executive-Summary-2019.pdf</li>
| + | |
− | <li>United Nations. Water scarcity [Internet]. International Decade for Action “Water for Life” 2005-2015. 2014 [cited 2020 Oct 25]. Available from: https://www.un.org/waterforlifedecade/scarcity.shtml</li>
| + | |
− | <li>Eriksen M, Lebreton LCM, Carson HS, Thiel M, Moore CJ, Borerro JC, et al. Plastic Pollution in the World’s Oceans: More than 5 Trillion Plastic Pieces Weighing over 250,000 Tons Afloat at Sea. PLoS One. 2014 Dec 10;9(12).</li>
| + | |
− | <li>Knott BC, Erickson E, Allen MD, Gado JE, Graham R, Kearns FL, et al. Characterization and engineering of a two-enzyme system for plastics depolymerization. Proc Natl Acad Sci [Internet]. 2020 Oct 13 [cited 2020 Nov 9];117(41):25476–85. Available from: www.pnas.org/cgi/doi/10.1073/pnas.2006753117</li>
| + | |
− | </ol>
| + | |
− | </div>
| + | |
− | </div>
| + | |
− | </div>
| + | |
− | | + | |
− | <div class="section half" id="achievements">
| + | |
− | <img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2020/4/47/T--UCL--Poster_achievements.png"> | + | |
| <div class="info"> | | <div class="info"> |
| <div class="title">Achievements</div> | | <div class="title">Achievements</div> |
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| Engineering Success | | Engineering Success |
| <ul> | | <ul> |
− | <li>Followed the engineering cycle to research, design and build PET-degrading constructs to be expressed in <i>E. coli</i> and <i>P. putida</i></li> | + | <li>Iteratively followed the engineering cycle to research, design and build PET-degrading constructs to be expressed in <i>E. coli</i> and <i>P. putida</i></li> |
| <li>Conducted a thorough literature research and consulted with experts for guidance on construct designs</li> | | <li>Conducted a thorough literature research and consulted with experts for guidance on construct designs</li> |
| + | <li>We sent our gene design and the plasmid backbone to GenScript and they built 4 designs for us according to our instructions</li> |
| <li>Performed structural modelling to inform the design on the fusion protein construct design</li> | | <li>Performed structural modelling to inform the design on the fusion protein construct design</li> |
| <li>Designed protocols and experiments to test constructs in the lab</li> | | <li>Designed protocols and experiments to test constructs in the lab</li> |
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| <li>Considered additional safety aspects of pre-treatment, waste generation, and brine treatment</li> | | <li>Considered additional safety aspects of pre-treatment, waste generation, and brine treatment</li> |
| </ul> | | </ul> |
| + | </div> |
| + | </div> |
| + | </div> |
| + | <div class="section quarter" id="references"> |
| + | <img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2020/b/bc/T--UCL--Poster_references_and_acknowledgements_final.png"> |
| + | <div class="info"> |
| + | <div class="title">References and Acknowledgements</div> |
| + | <div class="text"> |
| + | <b>Acknowledgements</b><br> |
| + | <b>Sponsors</b> |
| + | <br>UCL Biochemical Engineering |
| + | <img src=""> |
| + | <br>UCL Engineering |
| + | <img src=""> |
| + | <br>GenScript |
| + | <img src=""> |
| + | <br><br> |
| + | |
| + | <b>Team members</b><br> |
| + | Olaide Ibiyemi, Juliette Champaud, Stefan Hristov, Pedro Lovatt Garcia, Daniel Castellano, Anna Su, Li Xu and Oliver Hernandez Fernandez |
| + | <br><br> |
| + | <b>Supervisors and Instructors</b><br> |
| + | Dr Stefanie Frank, Dr Kenth Gustafsson, Dr Chris Barnes, Dr Darren Nesbeth, Dr Rana Khalife, Alexander Van de Steen (Postgraduate Research student), Rory Gordon (Masters Research Student) and Neythen Treolar (Postgraduate Research Student). |
| + | <br><br> |
| + | Thanks to everyone that shared their expertise and supported us throughout the project. |
| + | <br><br> |
| + | <b>References</b> |
| + | <ol> |
| + | <li>Center for International Environmental Law. Plastic & Climate | The Hidden Costs of a Plastic Planet [Internet]. 2019 [cited 2020 Oct 25]. Available from: https://www.ciel.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/Plastic-and-Climate-Executive-Summary-2019.pdf</li> |
| + | <li>United Nations. Water scarcity [Internet]. International Decade for Action “Water for Life” 2005-2015. 2014 [cited 2020 Oct 25]. Available from: https://www.un.org/waterforlifedecade/scarcity.shtml</li> |
| + | <li>Eriksen M, Lebreton LCM, Carson HS, Thiel M, Moore CJ, Borerro JC, et al. Plastic Pollution in the World’s Oceans: More than 5 Trillion Plastic Pieces Weighing over 250,000 Tons Afloat at Sea. PLoS One. 2014 Dec 10;9(12).</li> |
| + | <li>Knott BC, Erickson E, Allen MD, Gado JE, Graham R, Kearns FL, et al. Characterization and engineering of a two-enzyme system for plastics depolymerization. Proc Natl Acad Sci [Internet]. 2020 Oct 13 [cited 2020 Nov 9];117(41):25476–85. Available from: www.pnas.org/cgi/doi/10.1073/pnas.2006753117</li> |
| + | </ol> |
| </div> | | </div> |
| </div> | | </div> |