Difference between revisions of "Team:TU Darmstadt/Sustainable"

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        <a  class="anchor" id="Best Sustainable Development Impact"></a>
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        <h2><b>Best Sustainable Development Impact</b></h2>
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                Biofilms
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            Biofilms are the <b>entirety of microorganisms</b> living surrounded by an <b>extracellular matrix</b>.<sup id="cite_ref-1"><a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a></sup> The microorganisms are either attached to each other or to a surface. Since they have <b>cell-to-cell contact</b> all the time, they are in a <b>non-motile stadium</b>, distinguishing them from planktonic cells. This also leads to a <b<higher biomass per unit of volume</b> than usually found with free living microorganisms.<sup id="cite_ref-2"><a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a></sup>
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Most of the biomass is made up by the matrix. It consists of <b>extracellular polymeric substances (EPS)</b>, produced by the microorganisms interacting with each other. It stabilizes and <b>protects the bacteria from detachment, harsh environmental conditions and toxic substances</b>.<sup id="cite_ref-3"><a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a></sup> They also determine microcolonies within the biofilm, which are separated by pores and channels, <b>supplying the cells with all the nutrients needed</b> by passively resorbing them into the biofilm.<sup id="cite_ref-4"><a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a></sup>  A big part of the EPS are the <b>proteins which are secreted</b> into the biofilm matrix. These can be proteolytic enzymes as well as hydrophobic proteins that form a skin to <b>protect the biofilm from desiccation</b>.<sup id="cite_ref-5"><a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a></sup> Proteolytic enzymes degrade the nutrients gained through sorption or dissolve the surface on which the cells are growing. 
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Since biofilms can have <b>different gradients</b>, e.g. an oxygen gradient, biofilm forming bacteria are often able to <b>differentiate</b> into <i>e.g.</i> motile cells, matrix-producing cells, sporulating cells or competent cells.<sup id="cite_ref-6"><a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a></sup> Some bacteria even become cannibals, if nutrients are not available and digest their surrounding cells. Furthermore, biofilms in nature are usually very <b>biodiverse</b>, consisting of mixed species, living in the habitat most suitable for them and cooperating with each other by exchanging necessary molecules.<sup id="cite_ref-7"><a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a></sup> 
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Intriguingly microorganisms can interact with another using use <b>electrical communication</b> via nanowires or they can <b>communicate by using quorum sensing</b>.<sup id="cite_ref-8"><a href="#cite_note-8">[8,</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9"><a href="#cite_note-9">9]</a></sup> When quorum sensing takes place, chemicals are sent from cell to cell, leading to a reaction cascade.
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When a biofilm is getting too crowded, <b>single cells are set free</b> and can disperse in the environment making space for the remaining bacteria. The <b>dispersed cells reattach somewhere else</b>, forming a new community and thus leading to the spread of the bacterial biofilm.<sup id="cite_ref-10"><a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a></sup>
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In <b>nature</b>, biofilms can be found for example <b>in the soil</b> onto plant roots or on rocks <b<in aquatic environments</b>.<sup id="cite_ref-11"><a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a></sup> However, biofilms are often seen as a problem in medicine as they can be pathogenic and attach onto prosthetics, gums or catheter.<sup id="cite_ref-12"><a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a></sup>
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<a  class="anchor" id="<i>Bacillus subtilis</i>"></a>
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                <i> Bacillus subtilis</i>
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We aim to convert micropollutants
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in wastewater treatment plants using an
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enzyme-producing biofilm and came to the
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decision that <I>Bacillus&nbsp;subtilis</i> is the best
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  choice as our biofilm forming organism.
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<i>B.&nbsp;subtilis</i> is a <b>gram-positive bacterium</b> which is usually found in soil.
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Gram-positive bacteria only have <b>one cell membrane</b> and are thus often used for <b>protein secretion</b><sup id="cite_ref-13"><a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a></sup>. 
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On the one hand, secreting proteins is <b>beneficial in protein production</b> because no cell disruption is
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  necessary to collect the protein and the formation of inclusion bodies can be prevented<sup id="cite_ref-14"><a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a></sup>. On the
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  other hand, and in our case specifically, we <b>avoid the issue of bringing enzyme substrates across
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    the membrane in the cell</b> as well as <b>potential cell toxicity</b> of the substrate and degradation product.
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    We want to leverage the ability of <i>B.&nbsp;subtilis</i> to secret proteins to immobilize our target enzymes
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      in the biofilm matrix by fusing them to a matrix protein. This is easier to realize with
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      <i>B.&nbsp;subtilis</i> as gram-positive model organism than with the gram-negative bacteria,
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        e.g. <i>Escherichia&nbsp;coli</i>. In addition, <i>B.&nbsp;subtilis</i> is a <b>facultative anaerobic
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        organism</b> which means it can grow in oxygenic, as well as anaerobic conditions,
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          which can be of advantage when using the biofilm underwater in the clarifier<sup id="cite_ref-15"><a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a></sup>.
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In nature <i>B.&nbsp;subtilis</i> forms biofilms on plant roots as it needs a nutrient source. The
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advantage for the plants is that <i>B.&nbsp;subtilis</i> protects it from pathogenic infections by funghi<sup id="cite_ref-16"><a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a></sup>.
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  Since <i>B.&nbsp;subtilis</i> is a <b>natural biofilm former</b>, it has been used as <b>model organism
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  for studying biofilms</b> in the last years<sup id="cite_ref-16"><a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a></sup>. By using this natural biofilm former, we do not have to
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  worry about how our organism will form a biofilm. Furthermore, <i>B.&nbsp;subtilis</i> is classified as
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    <b>generally recognized as safe (GRAS)</b> by the American&nbsp;Food&nbsp;and&nbsp;Drug&nbsp;Administration&nbsp;(FDA)<sup id="cite_ref-17"><a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a></sup>, unlike other
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    bacteria which are often pathogenic like <i>E.&nbsp;coli</i> or <i>Staphylococcus&nbsp;aureus</i><sup id="cite_ref-18"><a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a></sup>. It is very
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    important for us to use an organism which is generally safe given the fact that we want to bring it
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Another characteristic of <i>B.&nbsp;subtilis</i> is its <b>ability to form endospores</b>
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when exposed to extreme environmental conditions<sup id="cite_ref-19"><a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a></sup>. Spores are highly <b>resistant
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  towards extreme temperature, desiccation, radiation and chemicals</b>. This
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  resistance makes spores interesting for industrial processes, e.g. by displaying
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  enzymes on the surface of spores which can then be used in harsh reaction conditions. Furthermore,
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  they are <b>metabolic inactive</b> but <b>can germinate</b> once nutrients are sufficiently available or when they
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  experience high pressure<sup id="cite_ref-20"><a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a></sup>.
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Revision as of 13:41, 18 October 2020

image/svg+xml - O O



Biofilms Bacillus subtilis Micropollutants in Wastewater Laccases EreB Modularity Quorum Sensing Kill Switches

Best Sustainable Development Impact

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References

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