Team:Mingdao/Entrepreneurship

POTENTIAL CUSTOMER DISCOVERY

    We all know that many people enjoy eating candy, but they are also afraid that candy might cause dental caries. Thus, in our project, we developed a homemade probiotic candy that doesn’t cause dental caries, but rather keeps oral health by antagonizing lactate-producing S. mutans. We named it Cleandy that can clean your teeth. First of all, we made our lollipop-shaped prototype in the kitchen in a team member’s (WAN-HUA CHANG) home and took surveys on the public across the ages along the street, in our classroom and at dental clinics. We not only told them our project but also found out the potential customers who will highly accept our idea and be willing to buy our products.


  Kids

    First, we took the candy to the children who are still in elementary schools, and when they saw the crystal clear candy, they couldn't wait to taste them. Most of them felt quite satisfied with Cleandy, however, they thought that if we could add more colors to Cleandy or make it into special shapes such as the cartoon character, they will be more likely to ask their parents to buy it.


  Teenagers

    The questionnaires we received the most were teenagers. When telling them about our ideas, they felt curious and interested in our products. However, many of them had concerns that it took too much time to let the candy dissolve in the mouth. And also, like children, they preferred that we could add natural coloring to our product to make it look better.


  Adults

    We asked a few adults for their opinions. For the appearance, they thought it could be better by adding more decorations or different flavors to Cleandy. Few of them thought it is a little too sweet. Many of them considered the safety issue about the GM probiotics in the candy.


  Conclusion

    To sum up, most people in the ages of children and teenagers like the concept of Cleandy and are willing to buy it. Although they were quite satisfied with the taste and the appearance of the candy, we believed that we’ll attract more customers to buy it if we improve our products based on their precious feedback. For the taste, we can add juice inside to make the candy taste different and give the candy color without using artificial food coloring. And we come up with various shapes of the candy. Moreover, our goal is not only to create candy that fits the public preference but also help them prevent dental caries. We hope that with just a candy, we can change the world and keep everybody’s oral health.

PRODUCT DEVELOPMENT


  Mindset


  Product design – overview

    According to research, there are up to 40% of the population worldwide suffering from dental caries. But before realizing that you actually have a tooth decay, very few people would pay attention to oral care seriously.

    So, we hope to invent a kind of candy which can improve the public's oral health. The candy filled with genetic modified probiotics will release probiotics that are able to attack and replace the caries-associated pathogens inhabited in the mouth. By taking our candies, people may keep their teeth healthy at anytime and anywhere.


  Brainstorming – from toothpaste to mouthwash to candy

     Toothpaste

    Many people may think that to improve oral health and prevent tooth decay, isn't it the easiest way to make toothpaste in the first place? After all, everyone has the habit of brushing their teeth, and the public's acceptance of toothpaste is almost 100%. However, it may be concerned that a toothpaste usually contains some kinds of bacteriostatic compounds or bactericidal agents, which will have a negative effect on our probiotic living.

     Mouthwash

    We have also considered making the product into the form of medicine packs or mouthwash. But we declined this idea because our goal is aimed at improving oral health for young people, especially children. This kind of package will make them lose their interests.

     Candy

    At last, after several long discussions with team members, we made a decision to develop a sugar-free candy containing our GM probiotics. It could attract kids and young people to use it. Moreover, it’s convenient to take and use at anytime and anywhere for the adults when not at home or without cleaning teeth tools.


  Brainstorming – hard candy? soft candy?

    We were inspired by a famous American clean teeth candy manufacturer Zollipops. It utilized sugar alcohol substitutes instead of common sugars to prevent tooth decay. We’re encouraged to extend the efficacy of such a lollipop by supplementing our GM probiotics.

    However, we soon faced a problem. What form of candies should we make? We can either make the product into hard candy like cough drops or soft candy such as gummy bears. Hard candy can slowly release the contents including probiotics when dissolving in the mouth. We thought putting GM probiotics into a hard candy would be a better choice.


  Research in the lab – ingredients?

    In order to investigate what kinds of sugars are suitable for our product, we conducted an experiment to analyze the growth of S. mutans in the presence of 5 different carbohydrates. We tested 3 common sugars (i.e., sucrose, glucose and fructose) and 2 sugar alcohols (i.e., xylitol and erythritol), which are incorporated into chewing gums for dental caries prevention. Accordingly, a 15 -20 g per ounce of candy makes around 1% sugar in saliva in the human mouth. We grew S. mutans in 10% BHI broth supplemented with 1% of different kinds of carbohydrates as mentioned above at for 24 hours with the measurements of 30-minutes interval.

    As shown in our experimental result, S. mutans was grown very well in two monosaccharides (i.e., glucose and fructose) to OD600 of ~0.5 and slightly slowly in the disaccharides (i.e., sucrose) to OD600 of ~0.4. Significantly, the growth of S. mutans in xylitol or erythritol was inhibited at the level (OD600 = ~0.2) as similar as 10% BHI only control. The results strongly implied that two sugar alcohol have good antibacterial effect, which are consistent with many researches in studying xylitol and erythritol effects on bacterial growth.

    Nevertheless, the bacteria were still live and maintained the metabolism in the process of glucose to make equivalents of metabolites such as lactate, ethanol and acetate. The phenomena were observed at the NMR studies of different kinds of carbohydrates effect on the metabolism of bacteria, which research was collaborated with iGEM team CCU_Taiwan (see more at our MODELING. Moreover, it’s worth noticing that the huge amounts of lactate production were detected in the consumption of sucrose, further confirming its effect on dental caries.

    Taken together, it is obvious that two sugar alcohols, xylitol and erythritol, will be taken into our product.

    Reference

  • de Cock P, Mäkinen K, Honkala E, Saag M, Kennepohl E, Eapen A. Erythritol Is More Effective Than Xylitol and Sorbitol in Managing Oral Health Endpoints. Int J Dent. 2016;2016:9868421. doi: 10.1155/2016/9868421.
  • Nayak PA, Nayak UA, Khandelwal V. The effect of xylitol on dental caries and oral flora. Clin Cosmet Investig Dent. 2014 Nov 10;6:89-94. doi: 10.2147/CCIDE.S55761.
  • Ji-Eun Kim, Ha-Jeong Kwon, Nam-Jung Kim, Kyung-Sook Hwang. Determination of Cariogenic Compounds in Saliva after Eating Apple. Int J Clin Prev Dent. 2014;10(4):209-214 doi: 10.15236/ijcpd.2014.10.4.209
  • Abbe K, Takahashi S, Yamada T. Involvement of oxygen-sensitive pyruvate formate-lyase in mixed-acid fermentation by Streptococcus mutans under strictly anaerobic conditions. J Bacteriol. 1982 Oct;152(1):175-82. PMID: 6811549


  Cooperation - GenMont Biotech Inc.

     Problem

    After research, we faced several problems when applying our idea into real products. Safety is the first problem we faced. According to our surveys, people showed concerns about the safety of consumption of GM probiotics. Based on our research, we didn’t know how to make candies composed of xylitol and erythritol. We’ve tried many times to make one in the kitchen at home but always failed. Furthermore, we had worries that the live probiotics will be heat inactive in the process of production.

     Solved by GenMont Biotech Inc.

    Thus, we visited GenMont Biotech Incorporation in Tainan to ask for a help. The company is one of the leading brands of functional probiotics in the food industry in Taiwan and devoted on the human health care. They warmly welcomed us and showed interests in our iGEM project with us. They shared their experiences about finding functional probiotics and how to make it to real product. Further, they taught us how to test the functionality of a product carrying probiotics. In the end, they gave us great advice on applying GMOs to the market based on the law regulation of the government in Taiwan.


  Production - homemade edible prototype

    To test the production of candies, we firstly made lollipop-shaped prototype without any probiotics or bacteria. And we can also provide them to explore the preference of customers in taste, texture and appearance, etc. And this time, we successfully made our candies with all the ingredients as we’ve did in the research except not containing the bacteria.

     Ingredient

  • Sweetener (e.g., erythritol, xylitol, isomalt)
  • (Optional) Flavoring (e.g., lemon, orange and mint)
  • Water

     Recipe

    To make the candy, we followed and modified a recipe on the internet on making isomalt lollipops.( Sugar Art Using Isomalt Recipe, 2018)


     Product & packaging


     Schematic design


  H2O2 production assay of handmade lozenges containing probiotics

    In addition to the lollipops, we also made lozenges containing probiotics. The lozenges were made of 5% sugar alcohols (i.e, xylitol and erythritol) and weighs 1 gram. It contains approximately 3 x 108 CFU (colony forming unit) of EcN (E. coli Nissle) per tablet. To determine the protein expression in our prototype, we made three kinds of lozenges containing GM EcN, which carries the empty vector, the GFP expression device and the AQP-SpxB-KatG expression device. When exposed to blue LED light, EcN with GFP glowed brightly compared to the controls (A), indicating that GM EcN can express proteins even made into a candy. Moreover, to test the functionality of GM EcN with AQP-SpxB-KatG, we examined the production of H2O2 in the lozenges. The saliva production in the mouth will reach to 3 – 5 ml per minute during eating, chewing or other stimulating activities. Therefore, we dissolved the lozenge in the 3 ml of ddH2O for 5 min and measured H2O2 concentration. GM EcN with AQP-SpxB-KatG can produce 0.58 mM per OD600 compared to the background level (0.21 mM/OD600) by the vector-only control. Taken together, the candy as a prototype we made with GM EcN not only carries live probiotics expressing proteins, but also produces H2O2, implying an effective product against S. mutans for maintenance of oral health.

The handmade lozenges contain GM EcN with the empty vector as control, GFP expression device, or AQP-SpkB-KatG expression device. (A) GFP was observed in a blue LED box. (B) The lozenges were dissolved in the ddH2O and tested for H2O2 production.


    The safety issue

    Image the application in the real world, the candy we made contains E. coli Nissle cells (EcN), which will be released when dissolved in the mouse. Prior to reaching to the intestine and be absorbed by tissues, they have to pass through the stomach and incubate at the acidic environment at pH of 1.5 - 3.5 for 4 – 6 hours. Then, we tested the growth of EcN in the medium at pH of 2 compared to pH of 7. The results indicated that the bacterial growth was dramatically inhibited and no bacteria survived on agar plates after 5-min treatment in media at pH of 2, suggesting a safe usage of the candy with probiotics in the real world.

The growth inhibition and survival rate of E. coli Nissle in LB medium and on agar plate at pH of 2. (A) The values of overnight culture were measured at OD600. The percentage of growth inhibition was calculated by dividing OD600 at pH = 7. (B) 104 bacterial cells were treated in LB broth at pH of 2 for the indicated time, followed by spreading onto the agar plate. The survival rates were ~10%, 0%, 0% for 1 min, 5 min, 30 min, respectively.

CLEANDY PUBLIC SURVEY AND ANALYSIS


  Questionnaire


  Purpose

    To test whether the public were satisfied with Cleandy, we designed a questionnaire about customer’s opinions on the products’ appearance, taste and texture. In addition, we also want to know how likely they are willing to buy the products and recommend them to others. We brought candy and questionnaires to kids and adults, and we received 44 feedbacks from them. The following are the results.


  Analysis


    Conclusion

    Over half of the public were satisfied with Cleandy appearance. However, someone considered that it would be more attractive if the candy had some decorations such as different shapes or colorings. About fifty percent of people were satisfied with the taste. Some people thought it tasted a little bit cloying and recommended adding more flavors such as fruit or alike. Some considered the size of Cleandy was too big to finish that may influence the efficacy of the probiotics. In sum, 70% of people were satisfied with Cleandy. Most of the people are likely to buy our products and recommend them to others. We may improve the Cleandy based on the preference of the customers.

BUSINESS PLAN – CLEANDY, A CANDY THAT CLEANS YOUR TEETH


  Introduction

     Our product – CLEANDY, a candy that cleans your teeth

    As Taiwanese high school students, we are deeply concerned about Taiwan’s high rate of oral diseases such as cavities and periodontal disease. We believe that this is due to the relatively low awareness about the importance of maintaining oral health via brushing and flossing among all age groups, especially when it comes to children. In recent years, we have observed a rise in teaching staff promoting oral health to schoolchildren, therefore showing that Taiwan is headed towards the right way. Upon seeing this, we wish to advocate further on the promotion of maintaining oral health with our product, Cleandy - a candy acting as a probiotic lozenge to keep our oral cavities healthy.

     Our vision, mission and social objectives

    Our vision is to promote and publicize the technological advancement of genetic engineering. Our mission is to help improve Taiwan’s overall health condition by applying the technology and benefits of genetic engineering. Our social objective is to sell our products at reasonable price-points to increase the accessibility of Cleandy as a health benefit to the public.


  Social problem analysis

     Existing problems

    According to Taiwan’s Ministry of Health and Welfare, the oral health condition of the average Taiwanese citizen falls short standard average set by the WHO. Oral health has an impact not only on daily activities such as talking, ingesting and nutrition intake, but it also impacts the overall bodily condition. The statistics of the Decay Missed Filled Teeth index (DMFT) level for twelve-year-olds in Taiwan is around an average of 2.50 teeth per child, which falls behind of over 70 out of 100 percent of the countries worldwide. In the year of 2011, the percentage for 2-3 year-old children facing tooth decay problems was around 31.4%; while 5-6 year-olds had approximately 73.52%. From the data presented, we can see that Taiwanese children start showing significant oral health defects starting from the age of two. This leaves us with a staggering 40% of 3-6 year-olds have already received treatment for primary teeth decay, a statistic 30% higher than what the WHO (World Health Organization) set for as a goal for 2025.

    According to WHO (“www.who.int”), it is estimated that around 3.5 billion people worldwide suffer from oral diseases. Oral diseases are mostly preventable and can be treated during earlier stages through maintaining good oral health conditions. In Taiwan, despite having abundant medical resources and ample knowledge, statistics show that the average awareness in the prevention of oral diseases and maintaining good oral health condition is still low.

    Information from www.who.int and 國民口腔健康促進計畫 (National Oral Health Promotion Program, complete detail in work cited)

     Our response

    In response to this problem, we designed a probiotic candy that is edible applicable for all age groups apart from the exceptions of children two or younger, whom usually are yet to have a developed oral cavity. As introduced, Cleandy will be able to prevent major oral health threats such as tooth decay.

     Target beneficiaries

    Our product is carefully designed to ensure that it is suitable and can be ingested by the general public, with the age limit being children aged three and above, in order to promote awareness of oral hygiene. Cleandy is designed to bring convenience and efficiency to people’s daily dental health care practices. It is also designed to cooperate with our national policies and eagerness to promote dental care as our enterprise’s primary goal is to contribute to Taiwan’s common social welfare.


  Market analysis

    According to research conducted by professionals concerned of Taiwanese oral health conditions, we can see that in Taiwan, key search words like “teeth” and “dentist” is are very common with stable trends as shown in Fig 1 and Fig 2. From such search trends, it is logical to deduce that Taiwanese citizens commonly have needs regarding oral healthcare.

    When evaluating the situation, we must look at Fig 3 and Fig 4, where search trends are less stable compared to Fig 1 and Fig 2. From this, we learn that for people Taiwanese, they chose to only go to dentists where there is a significant oral health problem. While Taiwan has a well-developed health insurance system that covers partial dental treatment fees, there is also a problem with such a system. Due to the accessibility of oral health services, people tend to focus less on self-prevention of oral diseases.

    By conducting further research, we discovered that the current market lacks a variety of probiotic products targeted towards better oral health. In other words, the market is available for us to introduce the Cleandy, providing consumers with another option for oral health maintenance.

Fig 1. Google Trend: Teeth

Fig 2. Google Trend: Dentist

Fig 3. Google Trend: tooth health care

Fig 4. Google Trend: oral health care

     Target consumer analysis

    Our target consumers are Taiwanese businessmen and women from the age of 5 to 40 years old. In Taiwan, we have a diverse food industry, providing a varied food market for the public. As businesspeople, most are aware of the importance of brushing and flossing after meals, yet not having adequate time during work intervals to do so. Because of this, their risk of tooth decay is significantly increased.

    As a response to the observed issue, the introduction of Cleandy can efficiently help mitigate the risks of tooth decay for its consumers. Cleandy does not require those hectic working hours to make time for brushing and flossing; merely chewing and swallowing will do the trick. In other words, Cleandy aids businesspeople by killing two birds with one stone as it saves time while maintaining the health of the oral cavity.

     General competitor(s) analysis

    In Taiwan, biotech companies are a newly rising field of the market which the government encourage for investments. Until the year of 2018, there are already 120 listed biotech companies within Taiwan. Taiwanese government have been promoting amendments of the Law to provide a more open-minded environment for all the firms. Though new enterprises are entering the market, currently there are only a few that stands out among.

    To promote biotech companies, governments have been giving subsidies for biotech companies in need. Despite from collaboration with different companies. The government also support through allowing importation of new medical and research-needed machines; in addition, providing an extra hand in hosting and companies joining with international biotech topic exhibitions.

    Until 2018, the total sales of biotech companies within Taiwan reaches the number of 514.1 trillion Taiwan dollars and have been consistently growing each year. A number of investments from the public also increases until the end of 2018. In conclusion, there is large area and field for biotech development within Taiwan market as long as a well-equipped research team is available, and product designed is innovative, open-minded and creative.

Information from www.ey.gov.tw (complete detail in work cited).

     Major competitor(s) analysis

    To better understand our marketplace competitors, we researched on different existing brands of oral biotic troches. This is because, in Taiwan, oral biotic troches are the closest equivalent to the Cleandy. Our case studies include two local and one international enterprise.

    Our first competitor is Greencome, a new local brand that was first established in 2011. The majority of their products are health-related, and the company implements several excellent marketing strategies to help advertise their products. All of their products come in suitable packaging designed based on the company’s colours. For product promotion, Greencome focuses on online platforms, especially their official website, instead of physical establishments. The Greencome oral biotic troche is shown below in Fig 5.

Fig 5. 大醫生技 養一口好菌口含錠
(Greencome: Probiotic Buccal Tablet With BLIS K12 & BLIS M18)

    The second case study is Heliga. Heliga is also a local Taiwanese brand but was established earlier than Greencome since 1993. With its earlier foundations in the market, the brand is quite well-known in Taiwan. The product below show in Fig 6 is a similar oral biotic product that is under Heliga’s branch brand Beautiful Life. Heliga is not strictly a biotech company, but more like a food industry now branching into the field. Currently, most of their products are food, groceries, and raw materials.

Fig 6. 美好人生 口愛寶口腔益生菌
(Beautiful Life: Oral Probiotics)

    Our last case study is an international enterprise. NOW has the most extended history amongst the three, having been established in 1968. The brand is known internationally for producing all kinds of health products. Like Greencome, their products can be found online and are identifiable with their suitable packaging. Since NOW is an international brand with a long history, they already have a large group of fixed consumers locally and internationally. In other words, NOW is currently our most significant competitor in the marketplace. Fig 7 shows the oral probiotics of NOW.

Fig 7. NOW FOOD OralBiotic


  Strategies

     Competitors SWOT analysis

     Market positioning maps

    The first impression of our product was not quite believable among people partly because of GM products and related concerns. However, after we demonstrated the functionality of Cleandy, most of them were satisfied with our idea and convinced to try our product.

     Our strategies

    According to our position maps, SWOT, and competitor analyses, there are several vital elements that we should keep in mind. For most of our case studies, the brands tend to focus on online shoppers more and not on physical stores. This can potentially become a strength of ours as there are still consumers that would prefer shopping for products that they can evaluate in person before making a purchase. Another point that is worth noting is that not all of our competitors are biotech companies. This can also become another advantage for us as we are a biotech firm that can conduct research and innovate products independently.


  Management and implementation plan

     Short and long term implementation plan

First to second-year implementation goal and task

    Our goal for the first year is to cultivate a fixed consumer group and evaluate the market’s reaction to our product. In other words, we aim to focus on product feedback and consumer reviews during the first year of sales to pinpoint issues that need to be improved on for the betterment of the Cleandy.

    In order to achieve our goal, it is crucial for us to measure the social impact of Cleandy and collect feedback from our consumers. To gather such data, we look to collaborate with dentists and dental clinics. In dental clinics, there is usually a fixed group of patients, if patients are willing to use the product, then the dentist can ask for their feedback. We will also be promoting online to ensure and stabilize our market availability as stepping into the actual market without any popularization would risk the failure of our enterprise.

Third to fifth-year implementation goal and task

    During our third to the fifth year of product implementation in the market, we aim to stimulate commodity visibility and increase our sales. In other words, this is when we will start focusing on the mass-advertising of Cleandy. Our vision is to have Cleandy virtually and physically implemented in the oral healthcare market by the third year and have several business partners willing to collaborate on future projects by the fifth. (For further details, please read the following section.)

     Marketing mix plan

Product

    Since Cleandy is a probiotic candy, we aim to make our product more appealing to consumers with acknowledgement of the importance of packaging. In recent years, many local healthcare businesses have been improving their product designs. Since our product name is Cleandy, we want people to think of candies when they see our product, especially when it comes to younger children. When thinking of packaging design, we also want to keep in mind that we aim to prioritize user-friendliness and the level of portability of our product.

Price

    For the pricing method of our product. We chose competition pricing and cost-based pricing. Price can be used to interpret the quality of the product. When deciding the price point of Cleandy, we referenced the prices of our competitors. As shown in the market position maps, products that serve similar purposes vary in price points, ranging from $200-700NTD. To strike a balance between being accessible to the general public and profitable for our enterprise, we settled for a price between $400-500NTD.

Place

    Our product will be available for sale on our online shop, local pharmacies, grocery stores, markets, and convenience stores. Some pharmaceutical and beauty enterprises that we will be collaborating include POYA, Cosmed, PX Mart, and Watsons. We also look forward to launching collaborative projects with convenience stores like Family Mart and 7-11 when our products have been on the market for more than three years. In order to start our enterprise with stronger foundations, we will prioritize the opening of our online shop before physically introducing Cleandy to local store shelves.

Promotion

    To promote our product, we will use online advertising platforms such as Google Ads and YouTube. Websites such as Wix.com will also play a part in our advertising strategies to compliment the videos we upload onto YouTube with more detailed information. We will also collaborate with famous dentists and their clinics. In Taiwan, dentists and dental clinics have their brands that they recommend when it comes to health products. Collaborating with them would be an efficient way of increasing the authenticity and popularity of Cleandy.


  Social impact assessment

     Measurement of social impact

    To measure the social impact of our product, we want to look at the popularity of Cleandy among the Taiwanese. Our extended and final goal is for Cleandy to become every day “necessity”. We expect our product to be fully adopted by the public so it can benefit society by providing more accessible oral health treatments.

     Expected social impact

    We expect our product to promote and raise awareness in oral health problems amongst the general public, especially the concern parents’ have regarding their children’s oral health. With the distribution of Cleandy, we expect to contribute to the lowering of tooth decay rates in Taiwan while establishing a good reputation for bioengineered healthcare products. In the end, we hope that Cleandy can help shape Taiwan into a healthier country.


  Work cited

《Oral Health》 World Health Organization, 25 Mar. 2020
URL: https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/oral-health.
《台灣生技醫療產業推動現況》行政院 Executive Yua, 8 Apr. 2019
URL: https://www.ey.gov.tw/Page/5A8A0CB5B41DA11E/fea217e2-81da-46bc-9fe5-55cfe66b53a0.
《106-110年國民口腔健康促進計畫》衛生福利部, 2 Feb. 2017.
URL: https://www.mohw.gov.tw/dl-48398-7a59576c-f84e-4a47-b92f- f083ecd9db72.html

FURTHER DEVELOPMENT


  Skills

    We have good training in Molecular Biology skills with iGEM experiences for many years and also have the comfortable lab space and equipment in the SynBio lab in the campus at Mingdao High School. In addition, we not only made a partnership with iGEM team CSMU_Taiwan, but also shared the resources in Chung Shan Medical University. We believe our team is able to overcome any troubles we’ll met in the future.


  Capability

    We reached out and got helps from other iGEM teams in Taiwan. Furthermore, we have contacted a famous probiotic food biotech company, GenMont Biotech Inc, in Taiwan for collaboration. GenMont showed their interests in our previous and current iGEM projects and promised an investment if we have convincing achievement. By the time, at any time, they will provide sponsorship in consultation and technical support. Moreover, they may help us test our product in animals and clinical trials with related technical and ethical issues.


  Stakeholders

    Everything is dependent on funding. We got PHASE I funding of NT$400,000 when we presented our prototype to three Dental Clinics (i.e., HiNew Dental Clinic/高新牙醫診所, Guang Qun Dental Clinic/光群牙醫診所 and Shine Dental Clinic/晶采牙醫診所) and Sepoms Technology CO., LTD., which devoted to human health care. The input of funding not only tells the success of our achievement, but also encourages us to improve our product development to the next stage. We will focus on animal/human test, law regulation and commercialization at PHASE II funding with the goal of NT$1,000,000.