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− | + | AWARDS | |
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+ | <div class="dropdown-content"> | ||
+ | <a href="https://2020.igem.org/Team:Leiden/Prizes" class="dropdown-page cool-link2"> | ||
+ | Prizes | ||
+ | </a> | ||
+ | <a href="https://2020.igem.org/Team:Leiden/Medals_And_Awards" class="dropdown-page cool-link2"> | ||
+ | Medal Criteria | ||
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− | < | + | <li> <a href="#"> AWARDS </a> |
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− | </ | + | <a href="https://2020.igem.org/Team:Leiden/Prizes" class="dropdown-page cool-link2">Prizes</a> |
+ | </li> | ||
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+ | <a href="https://2020.igem.org/Team:Leiden/Medals_And_Awards" class="dropdown-page cool-link2">Medal Criteria</a> | ||
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RDT Need | RDT Need | ||
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<h4> World Health Organization </h4> | <h4> World Health Organization </h4> | ||
<p> | <p> | ||
− | As part of their effort in emergency preparedness and response, the WHO keeps a record of the outbreaks that occur yearly. The latest outbreaks include Yellow fever, | + | As part of their effort in emergency preparedness and response, the WHO keeps a record of the outbreaks that occur yearly. The latest outbreaks include Yellow fever, influenza A virus, Ebola virus, Plague, MERS-CoV, Measles, Dengue, as well as SARS-CoV-2. Certain diseases, such as Ebola, are recurrent in tropical and Subsaharan regions<a class="hyperlink main-nav-link" linkedidchapter="slide1-chapter9"><sup>1</sup></a>. <a class="hyperlink" target="_blank" href="https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/yellow-fever">Yellow Fever</a><a class="hyperlink main-nav-link" linkedidchapter="slide1-chapter9"><sup>2</sup></a> is endemic in Africa and Central and South America, whereas the endemic regions affected by <a class="hyperlink" target="_blank" href="https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/dengue-and-severe-dengue">Dengue</a><a class="hyperlink main-nav-link" linkedidchapter="slide1-chapter9"><sup>3</sup></a> are even larger. These outbreaks of diseases need to be addressed with funds but also medical developments. This is all the more important in regions with fewer resources. |
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Science | Science | ||
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Application | Application | ||
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<h4>Dr Armand Paauw, Scientist at TNO Defence, Security and Safety, & Dr Hans van Leeuwen, Senior Scientist at TNO</h4> | <h4>Dr Armand Paauw, Scientist at TNO Defence, Security and Safety, & Dr Hans van Leeuwen, Senior Scientist at TNO</h4> | ||
<p> | <p> | ||
− | The two scientists at TNO told us that | + | The two scientists at TNO told us that influenza would be a good application, since this is a rapidly mutating virus and has potential to cause an epidemic/pandemic. Besides this, the high mutation rate is something that can be addressed well by the modular nature of the kit. However, one should then be able to prove that the test can be quickly used for various diseases and, by extension, adapted to novel diseases. |
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Users and User-friendliness | Users and User-friendliness | ||
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− | <h4>John Tonkinson, Chief Business Development Officer DCN | + | <h4>John Tonkinson, Chief Business Development Officer DCN Dx</h4> |
<p> | <p> | ||
Mr. Tonkinson told us to make use of engineering to complete the biological limitations that the kit might present. He strongly emphasized anticipating the slightest errors that one could make. The results should also not leave any room for interpretation, as this is a source of errors. Clear color-coding to show the outcome is a good example to prevent interpretation. | Mr. Tonkinson told us to make use of engineering to complete the biological limitations that the kit might present. He strongly emphasized anticipating the slightest errors that one could make. The results should also not leave any room for interpretation, as this is a source of errors. Clear color-coding to show the outcome is a good example to prevent interpretation. | ||
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− | <h4>Professor dr Aldrik Velders, Nanobiotechnology at Wageningen University & Dr Vittorio Saggiomo, Organic | + | <h4>Professor dr Aldrik Velders, Nanobiotechnology at Wageningen University & Dr Vittorio Saggiomo, Organic Chemistry</h4> |
<p> | <p> | ||
The two chemists working on developing microfluidic devices told us that it is important to keep the handling of the device to a minimum and to limit the possibility of contaminations to ensure a reliable outcome. Thus, ideally, the kit should be as passive as possible and happen in a single reaction tube. | The two chemists working on developing microfluidic devices told us that it is important to keep the handling of the device to a minimum and to limit the possibility of contaminations to ensure a reliable outcome. Thus, ideally, the kit should be as passive as possible and happen in a single reaction tube. | ||
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Affordability | Affordability | ||
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− | <h4>John Tonkinson, Chief Business Development Officer DCN | + | <h4>John Tonkinson, Chief Business Development Officer DCN Dx </h4> |
<p> | <p> | ||
Mr. Tonkinson told us that typically during pandemics, tests are funded or subsidized by foundations working with local governments (such as the Gates foundation). He told us that they set the cost depending on the budget and that the test kits should then be produced for that price. Therefore, the tests have to be economical and the prices have to be set at the beginning of the development process. He also told us that producing in very large amounts, as is done for Malaria RDTs, enables us to drastically reduce the price per kit. | Mr. Tonkinson told us that typically during pandemics, tests are funded or subsidized by foundations working with local governments (such as the Gates foundation). He told us that they set the cost depending on the budget and that the test kits should then be produced for that price. Therefore, the tests have to be economical and the prices have to be set at the beginning of the development process. He also told us that producing in very large amounts, as is done for Malaria RDTs, enables us to drastically reduce the price per kit. | ||
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Logistics & Regulation | Logistics & Regulation | ||
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<div> | <div> | ||
− | <h4>John Tonkinson, DCN | + | <h4>John Tonkinson, DCN Dx</h4> |
<p> | <p> | ||
Mr. Tonkinson suggested making a kit with the least plastic possible, small and compact, which would be easier for transport. | Mr. Tonkinson suggested making a kit with the least plastic possible, small and compact, which would be easier for transport. | ||
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− | <div title="Click to read more" id="coll7" role="button" tabindex="0"class="collapsible"> | + | <div title="Click to read more" id="coll7" role="button" tabindex="0"class="collapsible main-nav-link" linkedidchapter="slide1-chapter7"> |
Disposal | Disposal | ||
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<p> | <p> | ||
− | After our kit has been used, it will be classified as hospital waste and should therefore be treated as such. In the Netherlands, the quality of the <span class="highlight">disposal systems</span> in place is not perfect, yet the country | + | After our kit has been used, it will be classified as hospital waste and should therefore be treated as such. In the Netherlands, the quality of the <span class="highlight">disposal systems</span> in place is not perfect, yet the country is among the best in the world. Just a few countries further, the quality of the waste treatment is drastically worse or even non-existent<a class="hyperlink main-nav-link" linkedidchapter="slide1-chapter9"><sup>11</sup></a>. Often, the disposed medical waste is mixed with regular house waste and landfilled, or incinerated without post-treatment of the fumes. |
</p> | </p> | ||
− | <p> | + | <p>When kits are properly <span class="highlight">incinerated</span>, there is less environmental value in making our test kits from degradable material (with harmless contents), such as biodegradable plastics. One way to further decrease the impact of the kits would be to use recycled content to reduce the unnecessary incineration of virgin material. However, opting for recycled materials sometimes also entails decreased polymer quality and therefore reduced robustness. This may affect the choice of material since it is important that the <span class="highlight">quality</span> and <span class="highlight">robustness</span> of the kits are maintained. Additionally, if the kits are incinerated, all potentially infectious material is killed. |
</p> | </p> | ||
<p> | <p> | ||
− | + | Instead, if the hospital waste is <span class="highlight">placed in a landfill</span> to which the population has access, the content of the kits could present a risk. Therefore, the potentially infectious material should be <span class="highlight">lysed</span>. The use of biodegradable materials could decrease the environmental impact of the kits in these circumstances. | |
</p> | </p> | ||
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<div id="slide1-chapter8" class="popout"> | <div id="slide1-chapter8" class="popout"> | ||
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Ethics | Ethics | ||
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<a target="_blank" href="https://www.merckgroup.com/en"><img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2020/6/67/T--Leiden--merck_logo.png" alt="Merck"></a> | <a target="_blank" href="https://www.merckgroup.com/en"><img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2020/6/67/T--Leiden--merck_logo.png" alt="Merck"></a> | ||
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<div style="width: 2%" class="image-sub-sponsor"> | <div style="width: 2%" class="image-sub-sponsor"> | ||
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